Topic 1 All - Cell Biology

The diagram shows a plasma membrane. Which letter indicates cholesterol?

[Source: Adapted from Openstax. (2016, May 18). File: 0303 lipid bilayer with various Components.jpg. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved 31 July 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0303_Lipid_Bilayer_With_Various_Components.jpg. Copyright free]

What is a disadvantage to an organism of being multicellular rather than unicellular?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Larger body size

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Ability to adapt to their surroundings

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ The need for a complex exchange system

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Cell differentiation

[© Revision Village 2022. Created with BioRender.com]

Which structure represents a component responsible for reducing membrane fluidity?

Which of the following is true of centrifugation?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ It separates substances by density

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ It separates substances by charge

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ It separates substances by chemical composition

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ It separates substances by colour

Which statement best describes stem cells?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Stem cells cannot be found in the adult body.

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ The foetus is composed only of stem cells.

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Stem cells can divide and differentiate into different types of specialised cells.

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Stem cells have undergone specialisation and maturation.

What is the name of the organelle on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum that is needed to synthesise polypeptide chains?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Nucleus

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Vesicle

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Ribosome

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Mitochondrion

During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Prophase

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Metaphase

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Anaphase

• D$\hspace{1em}$ Telophase

[Source: © Revision Village 2022. Created with BioRender.com]

Which component of the cell membrane is represented by structure X?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Transmembrane protein

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Protein channel

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Peripheral protein

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Cholesterol molecule

Which of the following is not a function of cholesterol in cell membranes?

• A. It reduces membrane fluidity by restricting the movement of phospholipids.

• B. It increases membrane flexibility.

• C. It serves as a transport channel.

• D. It reduces membrane's the permeability to hydrophilic substances.

Magnification: 100 x $\hspace{3em}$Scale bar = 10 µm

[Source: Adapted from User: NEON. (2014). Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck Nies-2170 / Olympus IX71+DP72. Wikimedia Common. Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Chlorella_vulgaris_NIES2170.jpg. Copyright by CC BY-SA 3.0]

Chlorella contains the molecule chlorophyll which makes it to appear green. What life function is exhibited in this example?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Nutrition

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Reproduction

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Response

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Excretion

Which of the following statements are true about the structure of cells?

• I.	All cells contain cytoplasm enclosed by the plasma membrane.
  II.	The microscope was important in understanding the structure of the cell.
  III.	Prokaryotes do not have genetic material.

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ I and II only

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ II and III only

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ I and III only

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ I, II and III

Why do multicellular organisms exhibit emergent properties?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ All the cells of multicellular organisms have the same function.

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Cells of multicellular organisms do not communicate with one another.

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Cells of multicellular organisms interact with one another.

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Cells of multicellular organisms have similar structures.

What type of cell is shown in the image?

[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Electron_microscopy.jpg Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ A eukaryotic cell because it contains mitochondria

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ A prokaryotic cell because it has a plasma membrane

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ A eukaryotic cell because it does not have a nucleus

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ A prokaryotic cell because it contains ribosomes

Which statement(s) about the endosymbiotic theory is/are true?

• I. $\hspace{1em}$ It provides evidence for the origin of prokaryotes.
• II. $\hspace{.7em}$ It provides evidence for the origin of eukaryotes.
• III. $\hspace{.5em}$ It provides evidence for spontaneous generation.

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ II only

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ I only

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ II and III only

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ I, II and III

Which of the following would be considered an organelle?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ cell wall

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ vesicles

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ cytoskeleton

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ cytoplasm

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ Mitosis

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ Meiosis

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ Binary fission

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ Budding

Which statement is false about the genome?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ The genome is an organism’s entire set of genetic material.

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ All the information carried by the genome is expressed in each cell.

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ The genome is a set of instructions to be followed by the cell.

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Each skin cell contains a full copy of the genome.

Which statement(s) about mitosis is/are true?

• I.	Sister chromatids are pulled apart during metaphase.
  II.	The nuclear envelope reforms during telophase.
  III.	Chromosomes supercoil and become visible during prophase.

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ I and II only

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ II only

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ II and III only

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ I, II and III

What provides evidence that all life on Earth evolved from the same population of cells?

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells.

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ Both mitochondria and prokaryotes have a cell wall.

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ Both eukaryotes and bacteria contain histones.

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ The genetic code is universal.

These photographs show the same section of a human retina. What is the reason for the difference between the two diagrams?

[Source: Nestl, A. (2012, January 17). File AMD Super resolution Cremer.png - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Opthalmology_AMD_Super_Resolution_Cremer.png Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ The photograph on the right was taken using an electron microscope.

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ The photograph on the right is at a higher resolution.

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ The photograph on the right is at a higher magnification.

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ The photograph on the right shows the ultrastructure of the cells.

The important properties of animal cell membranes are fluidity and permeability. Which molecule is responsible for ensuring the membrane’s fluidity?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Cholesterol

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Integral Membrane Proteins

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Glycolipids

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Peripheral Membrane Proteins

Which statement correctly describes the cell membrane structure?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ A phospholipid bilayer where phosphate heads align facing each other and lipid tails point away.

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ A phospholipid bilayer where lipid tails align facing each other and phosphate heads point away.

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ A phospholipid bilayer where proteins line the outer layer and phospholipids line the inner layer.

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ A layer of phospholipids with phosphate heads facing outside the cell and lipid tails facing the cell cytoplasm.

Which of the following correctly describes the images produced by electron microscopes?

• I.	High resolution
  II.	High magnification
  III.	Coloured

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ I only

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ I and II only

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ II and III only

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ I, II and III

In the micrograph below, which letter points to a cell in anaphase?

[Source: Adapted from Reischig, J. (2014, March 11). File (261 13) pressed; root meristem of onion ... - wikimedia. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 13, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis_(261_13)_Pressed;_root_meristem_of_onion_(cells_in_prophase,_metaphase,_anaphase,_telophase).jpg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]

The photo shows an Australian shelduck (Tadorna tadornoides).
Which is not a feature that is adapted to aid in locomotion?

[Source: Adapted from Harrison, J. (2023, July 25). Australian shelduck. Wikipedia. Retrieved July 26, 202, from URL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_shelduck. Copyright under CC BY 4.0]

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Dense bones

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Wings

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Webbed feet

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Oily coating on feathers

Paramecium produces enzymes that catalyse different chemical reactions taking place in the cytoplasm. What function of life is demonstrated in this situation?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Excretion

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Homeostasis

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Reproduction

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Metabolism

What do the two labelled organelles have in common?

[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ They are surrounded by a single membrane

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ They contain cristae

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ They are surrounded by a double membrane

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ They contain starch grains

Which organelle has a double membrane?

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ Golgi apparatus

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ Nucleus

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ Vacuole

Which row in the table correctly identifies structures which are present ($\checkmark$) or absent ($\times$) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Which part of the cell is labelled with the letter P?

[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Electron_microscopy.jpg. Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ Vacuole

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ Lysosome

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ Nucleoid

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ Nucleus

Some cells are exceptions to the cell theory. In the table below, which information about cells and reasons for them being exceptions is not correct?

Identify the correct row in the table regarding the formation of vesicles.

Which of the following statements supports the position that using human stem cells for scientific research is ethical?

• I.	Harvesting embryonic cells can advance scientific understanding of cell differentiation.
  II.	An embryo has not yet developed its nervous system; therefore, the process of harvesting stem cells is painless.
  III.	Many embryos made through the process of IVF are never implanted and would otherwise be discarded.

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ I and II

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ II and III

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ I and III

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ I, II and III

Which structure found in a eukaryote has a double membrane?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Golgi apparatus

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Mitochondrion

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Lysosome

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Endoplasmic reticulum

What do aseptate fungal hyphae, skeletal muscle, red blood cells, and phloem sieve tube elements have in common?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ The cells are large

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ They all have no cell wall

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ They all lack a nucleus

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ They are all exceptions to the cell theory

Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ Protein synthesis

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ Protein packaging into vesicles

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ Protein modification

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ Lipid packaging into vesicles

Which row in the table correctly identifies structures which are present (✓) or absent (✕) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Below is a micrograph of a bacterium, Marinomonas arctica, which is found in Arctic sea ice.

[Source: Gulf of Alaska Seamounts expedition, 2019. Marinomonas arctica.jpg. Wikimedia. Retrieved, September 25th 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Marinomonas_arctica.jpg. Copyright under Public Domain]

Which row contains features of prokaryotic cells such as Marinomonas arctica?

Which statement(s) is/are not true of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

• I. $\hspace{1em}$ Prokaryotic cells have a compartmentalised structure.

• II.$\hspace{.8em}$ Only eukaryotic cells have a Golgi apparatus.

• III.$\hspace{.6em}$ Only eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ II only

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ I only

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ II and III only

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ I, II and III

[Maximum mark: 6]

The image below is a micrograph of blood.

Magnification: 800x

[Source: Adapted from Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library. (2018). Connective Tissue: Human Blood Leukocyte Survey. Flickr. Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/146824358@N03/26921278147. Copyright free]

1. Identify the part of the cells labelled A and B. [2]
   

2. Outline why blood is classified as a tissue. [1]
   

3. State where the stem cells needed to produce red blood cells are located. [1]
   

4. Progenitor cells are produced by dividing stem cells. These cells will eventually differentiate even further. Blood cells have a common progenitor cell. Describe the process that happens to these progenitor cells. [2]
   

The micrograph below shows part of an animal cell. Which statement is true about the parts labelled X and Y

[©Source: Adapted from T.Voekler (August 1986). File: Nucleus of a chloride cell.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved July 22nd, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Nucleus_of_a_chloride_cell.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0]

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Both X and Y are primarily composed of water and solutes.

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Only X has a specialised function, and Y does not.

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Only Y is an organelle, and X is not.

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Both X and Y are found in prokaryotes.

Below is a diagram showing three red blood cells that have been placed in solutions of different solute concentrations.

[© Revision Village. 2023 Created with BioRender.com]

Which row correctly matches each cell with the type of solution that it has been immersed in?

Which one of the following transport proteins only carries out active transport?

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ Protein channels

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ Protein pumps

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ Protein carriers

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ Aquaporins

What is true about the membrane structure in the image below?

[Source: Adapted from Panaramecium, Pixabay (2021, January 19). File: micelle-5919208_1280.png. Pixabay. Retrieved September 20, 2023, from https://pixabay.com/vectors/micelle-microbiology-lipid-microbe-5919208/. Copyright under CC0]

• I.	It is a lipid bilayer.
  II.	It contains cholesterol.
  III.	It contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components.

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ I and II only

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ II only

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ I and III only

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ I, II and III

Which of the following types of membrane transport do not require energy expenditure?

• I. $\hspace{1em}$ Facilitated diffusion
• II. $\hspace{.7em}$ Active transport
• III. $\hspace{.4em}$ Osmosis

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ II only

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ I and II

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ I and III

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ I only

Which structure is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Lysosome

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Ribosome

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Golgi apparatus

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Nucleoid

Identify the row which is correct regarding the components of cells.

Whose experiments disproved spontaneous generation?

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ Miller and Urey

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ Louis Pasteur

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ Rosalind Franklin

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ Meselson and Stahl

What is the actual width of the cell in this image?

[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia (2006, March 1). File: Electron Microscope Siemens, 1960.jpg - wikimedia commons. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Electron_microscope_Siemens,_1960.jpg Copyright under CC BY 3.0]

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ 4μm

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ 40μm

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ 400μm

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ 4000μm

Mesophyll cells are found in plants. Plant cells have unique characteristics that distinguish them from any other cell type.

[Source: Adapted from Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Zhao, L., Ren, Y., Cui, D., Chen, J., ... & Chen, F. (2017). iTRAQ and virus-induced gene silencing revealed three proteins involved in the cold response in bread wheat. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-16.Retrieved March 27, 2022. From https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5548720/. Copyright under CC by 4.0]

In the micrograph above, one of the cell parts is labelled X. What is the name of this structure?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Chloroplast

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Central vacuole

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Cell wall

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Starch granule

[Maximum mark: 6]

The micrograph shows a transverse section through a leaf.

[Source from Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library,2018. Angiosperm Morphology Mesophyll Arrangement in Ligustrum (36198182664).jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 29th January 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angiosperm_Morphology_Mesophyll_Arrangement_in_Ligustrum_(36198182664).jpg.Copyright under Creative Commons CC0 1.0]

1. 1. Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function. [1]
      

   2. Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells. [1]
      

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.

[Source: Adapted from Howard, L., 2006. Pancreatic acinar cells.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 29th January 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=pancreatic+cells&title=Special&go=Go&type=image&haslicense=unrestricted. Copyright under Public Domain]

2. 1. Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell. [2]
      

   2. State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells. [2]
      

[Maximum mark: 10]

Neuronal cells have special membrane properties that allow their axons to propagate action potential from one cell to another. The diagram below shows a portion of an axonal plasma membrane.

[© Revision Village 2023. Created with BioRender.com]

1. 1. State the role of a sodium-potassium pump in the axon. [1]
      

   2. Describe the action of the sodium-potassium pump. [3]
      

2. Distinguish between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. [2]
   

3. Compare and contrast sodium-potassium pumps and voltage-gated potassium channels. [4]
   

Which statement best describes the osmotic concentration of a solution used to bathe organs for use in organ transplant procedures?

• A. $\hspace{1em}$ The solution must have an osmotic concentration higher than that of the organ to be transplanted.

• B. $\hspace{1em}$ The solution must have an osmotic concentration lower than that of the organ to be transplanted.

• C. $\hspace{1em}$ The solution must be isotonic compared to the cells of the organ to be transplanted.

• D. $\hspace{1em}$ The solution must be mixed with cells from the organ to be transplanted.

A human pancreatic cell divides three times by mitosis. What is the end result of these divisions?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Two genetically identical daughter cells.

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Four genetically distinct daughter cells.

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Eight genetically identical daughter cells.

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Sixteen genetically distinct daughter cells.

Which of these membrane proteins carry out active transport?

• A.$\hspace{1em}$ Protein channels

• B.$\hspace{1em}$ Protein pumps

• C.$\hspace{1em}$ Peripheral proteins

• D.$\hspace{1em}$ Receptors