IB Biology HL - 2024 - Questionbank
1.2 - Ultrastructure of Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
Cell Ultrastructure, Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells, Functions of Organelles, Binary Fission, Micrographs, Microscopes
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Question 1
Which of the following is true of centrifugation?
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A. It separates substances by density
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B. It separates substances by charge
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C. It separates substances by chemical composition
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D. It separates substances by colour
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Question 2
What is the name of the organelle on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum that is needed to synthesise polypeptide chains?
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A. Nucleus
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B. Vesicle
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C. Ribosome
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D. Mitochondrion
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Question 3
What type of cell is shown in the image?
[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Electron_microscopy.jpg Copyright under CC BY 3.0]
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A. A eukaryotic cell because it contains mitochondria
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B. A prokaryotic cell because it has a plasma membrane
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C. A eukaryotic cell because it does not have a nucleus
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D. A prokaryotic cell because it contains ribosomes
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Question 4
Which of the following would be considered an organelle?
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A. cell wall
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B. vesicles
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C. cytoskeleton
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D. cytoplasm
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Question 5
How do prokaryotic cells divide?
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A. Mitosis
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B. Meiosis
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C. Binary fission
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D. Budding
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Question 6
These photographs show the same section of a human retina. What is the reason for the difference between the two diagrams?
[Source: Nestl, A. (2012, January 17). File AMD Super resolution Cremer.png - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Opthalmology_AMD_Super_Resolution_Cremer.png Copyright under CC BY 3.0]
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A. The photograph on the right was taken using an electron microscope.
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B. The photograph on the right is at a higher resolution.
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C. The photograph on the right is at a higher magnification.
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D. The photograph on the right shows the ultrastructure of the cells.
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Question 7
Which of the following correctly describes the images produced by electron microscopes?
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I. High resolution II. High magnification III. Coloured
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A. I only
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B. I and II only
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C. II and III only
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D. I, II and III
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Question 8
What do the two labelled organelles have in common?
[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category Copyright under CC BY 3.0]
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A. They are surrounded by a single membrane
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B. They contain cristae
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C. They are surrounded by a double membrane
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D. They contain starch grains
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Question 9
Which organelle has a double membrane?
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A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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B. Golgi apparatus
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C. Nucleus
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D. Vacuole
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Question 10
Which row in the table correctly identifies structures which are present () or absent () in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Structure | Prokaryotic cells | Eukaryotic cells | |
---|---|---|---|
A. | 80S ribosomes | ||
B. | Plasma membrane | ||
C. | Nucleus | ||
D. | Mitochondria |
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Question 11
Which part of the cell is labelled with the letter P?
[Source: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Electron_microscopy.jpg. Copyright under CC BY 3.0]
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A. Vacuole
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B. Lysosome
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C. Nucleoid
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D. Nucleus
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Question 12
Which structure found in a eukaryote has a double membrane?
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A. Golgi apparatus
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B. Mitochondrion
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C. Lysosome
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D. Endoplasmic reticulum
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Question 13
Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi apparatus?
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A. Protein synthesis
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B. Protein packaging into vesicles
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C. Protein modification
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D. Lipid packaging into vesicles
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Question 14
Which row in the table correctly identifies structures which are present (✓) or absent (✕) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Structure | Prokaryotic cells | Eukaryotic cells | |
---|---|---|---|
A. | 70S Ribosomes in Cytoplasm | ✓ | ✕ |
B. | Cell Wall | ✕ | ✓ |
C. | Mitochondria | ✓ | ✕ |
D. | Naked DNA | ✕ | ✓ |
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Question 15
Below is a micrograph of a bacterium, Marinomonas arctica, which is found in Arctic sea ice.
[Source: Gulf of Alaska Seamounts expedition, 2019. Marinomonas arctica.jpg. Wikimedia. Retrieved, September 25th 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Marinomonas_arctica.jpg. Copyright under Public Domain]
Which row contains features of prokaryotic cells such as Marinomonas arctica?
Ribosomes | Cell wall | DNA associated with proteins | |
---|---|---|---|
A. | 80S | Yes | No |
B. | 80S | Yes | Yes |
C. | 70S | No | No |
D. | 70S | Yes | No |
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Question 16
Which statement(s) is/are not true of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?
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I. Prokaryotic cells have a compartmentalised structure.
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II. Only eukaryotic cells have a Golgi apparatus.
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III. Only eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
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A. II only
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B. I only
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C. II and III only
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D. I, II and III
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Question 17
The micrograph below shows part of an animal cell. Which statement is true about the parts labelled X and Y
[©Source: Adapted from T.Voekler (August 1986). File: Nucleus of a chloride cell.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved July 22nd, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Nucleus_of_a_chloride_cell.jpg. CC-BY-SA-3.0]
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A. Both X and Y are primarily composed of water and solutes.
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B. Only X has a specialised function, and Y does not.
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C. Only Y is an organelle, and X is not.
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D. Both X and Y are found in prokaryotes.
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Question 18
Which structure is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
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A. Lysosome
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B. Ribosome
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C. Golgi apparatus
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D. Nucleoid
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Question 19
Identify the row which is correct regarding the components of cells.
Component | Is it an organelle? | Function | |
---|---|---|---|
A. | Cell wall | Yes | Structural support and protection |
B. | Cytoplasm | No | Production of ATP |
C. | Golgi apparatus | Yes | Processes, modifies and packages proteins and lipids |
D. | Lysosome | No | Digests macromolecules, pathogens, debris and old organelles |
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Question 20
Mesophyll cells are found in plants. Plant cells have unique characteristics that distinguish them from any other cell type.
[Source: Adapted from Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Zhao, L., Ren, Y., Cui, D., Chen, J., ... & Chen, F. (2017). iTRAQ and virus-induced gene silencing revealed three proteins involved in the cold response in bread wheat. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-16.Retrieved March 27, 2022. From https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5548720/. Copyright under CC by 4.0]
In the micrograph above, one of the cell parts is labelled X. What is the name of this structure?
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A. Chloroplast
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B. Central vacuole
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C. Cell wall
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D. Starch granule
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Question 21
[Maximum mark: 6]
The micrograph shows a transverse section through a leaf.
[Source from Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library,2018. Angiosperm Morphology Mesophyll Arrangement in Ligustrum (36198182664).jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 29th January 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angiosperm_Morphology_Mesophyll_Arrangement_in_Ligustrum_(36198182664).jpg.Copyright under Creative Commons CC0 1.0]
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Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function. [1]
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Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells. [1]
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This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.
[Source: Adapted from Howard, L., 2006. Pancreatic acinar cells.jpg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 29th January 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=pancreatic+cells&title=Special&go=Go&type=image&haslicense=unrestricted. Copyright under Public Domain]
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Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell. [2]
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State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells. [2]
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Question 22
The electron micrograph below shows a cell of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Which of the labelled structures maintains the cell’s shape and protects the cell from lysing during osmosis?
[Source: Blokesch, M. & Schoolnik, G.K. (2007). Serogroup Conversion of Vibrio cholerae in Aquatic Reservoirs. PLoS Pathog 3(6): e81. Retrieved March 15, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030081.Copyright under CC BY 4.0]
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Question 23
Which of the following is not an advantage of cell compartmentalisation?
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A. Ability to control the distribution of metabolites and enzymes
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B. Improved nutrient storage
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C. Reduced energy costs
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D. Improved metabolic efficiency
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Question 24
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
A. | B. | |||
C. | D. | |||
[Source A: Adapted from Itayba, Hebrew Wikipedia. (2016, March 1). Category: Electron Microscope Images. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved May 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Electron_microscopy.jpg Copyright under CC BY 3.0.
Source B: Adapted from: Openstax. (2016, May 18). File:0313 endoplasmic reticulum B en.png - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0313_Endoplasmic_Reticulum_b_en.png Copyright under CC BY 3.0.
Source C: and3k, & caper437. (2009, June 25). File: chloroplast in leaf of anemone sp Tem 85000x.png - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia commons. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File.png Copyright under CC BY 3.0
Source D: Murphy, F. (2016, August 10). Free picture: Thin, section, ebola, virus. PIXNIO. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from https://pixnio.com/science/microscopy-images/ebola-hemorrhagic-fever-virus/thin-section-containing-the-ebola-virus Copyright free]
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Question 25
Which statement applies to a lysosome?
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A. It usually fuses with a vacuole in the cytoplasm.
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B. It participates in anabolic reactions of cellular components.
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C. It forms from vesicles budding from the nucleus.
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D. It is an organelle which lacks a membrane and contains enzymes.
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Question 26
Which of the following processes occur in prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells?
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A. Transcription takes place in the cytoplasm
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B. mRNA splicing
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C. Regulation of transcription
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D. Translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain
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Question 27
[Maximum mark: 10]
The photomicrograph below shows a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus.
[Source: Adapted from Gonzalez, R., & Kerfeld, C. (2022, June 13). Synechococcus elongates. Wikipedia. Retrieved June 19, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus_elongatus Copyright under CC BY 3.0]
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State whether the cell shown in the photomicrograph is eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Give a reason for your answer. [2]
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State two features found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structures. [2]
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Identify the type of microscope which was used to produce the microphotograph above. Give a reason for your answer. [2]
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Describe the function of X. [2]
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Compare and contrast the structure of the Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. [2]
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Question 28
[Maximum mark: 4]
The micrograph below shows E. coli cells.
[Source: Adapted from Highton, P., 1968. E.coli image.jpeg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 29th January 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File.coli_image.jpg. Copyright under Creative CommonsCC0 1.0]
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Identify the structure labelled I in the micrograph. [1]
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If the magnification of the image is x36,000 and the length of cell II in the image is 54 mm, calculate the actual length of cell II in micrometres (µm). [2]
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State one feature, other than the structure labelled I, that can be used to identify the cells in this micrograph as prokaryotic cells. [1]
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Question 29
The following electron micrograph shows part of an exocrine pancreas cell. Which of the labelled structures is responsible for the production of vesicles for exocytosis?
[Source: Adapted from Howard, L. (n.d.). File: Pancreatic cells - TEM.jpg. Wikipedia. Retrieved January, 3, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Pancreatic_cells_-_TEM.jpg. Copyright under Public Domain]
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Question 30
[Maximum mark: 10]
The diagram shows the process of phagocytosis.
[Source: Mango Slices (June 2016). File: Phagocytosis.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved July 24th, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Phagocytosis.svg. CC-BY-SA-4.0]
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On the diagram, label a lysosome using the letter L. [1]
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State, with a reason, whether a lysosome is an organelle or not. [1]
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Predict, with a reason, how a cell might be affected if the enzymes present in lysosomes were not stored within a phospholipid bilayer. [2]
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Describe how ultracentrifugation is used in the study of organelles. [2]
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Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, in terms of compartmentalisation. [1]
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Explain how compartmentalisation is beneficial during phagocytosis. [3]
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Question 31
[Maximum mark: 8]
The micrograph below shows Cyanobacteria, which contain chlorophyll.
[Source: Adapted from Thompson L. and Whatson N. (2007, January 1). Cyanobacteria. Wikipedia. Retrieved on September 6, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria#. Copyright under CCO]
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Using your knowledge and the micrograph, state two features that would indicate that this is a bacterium. [2]
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Outline the structural differences between animal and plant cells. [3]
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Explain how light energy is used in photosynthesis to carry out anabolic reactions. [3]
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Question 32
[Maximum mark: 16]
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Draw a labelled diagram which shows the structure of an animal cell. [4]
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Outline the advantages of a compartmentalised structure in eukaryotes. [4]
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Compare and contrast the ultrastructure of E. coli and a palisade mesophyll cell. [7]
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Question 33
Which of the following structures are not found in either animal or fungal cells?
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A. Mitochondria
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B. Vacuoles
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C. Plastids
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D. Centrioles
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Question 34
[Maximum mark: 16]
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Outline the features of cells that do not conform to the cell theory. [3]
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Use named species to explain how unicellular organisms carry out processes of life. [4]
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Compare and contrast the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. [8]
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Question 35
Palisade mesophyll cells produce and release large amounts of carbohydrates. Which characteristics would you expect to observe in such cells?
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A. A high density of mitochondria and a large central vacuole.
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B. A high density of chloroplasts and an extensive Golgi apparatus.
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C. A high density of chloroplasts and a large central vacuole.
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D. A high density of mitochondria and an extensive Golgi apparatus.
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Question 36
[Maximum mark: 16]
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Describe centrifugation and how developments in this technique allowed scientists to improve their understanding of the components of cells. [4]
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Distinguish between transcription and translation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. [4]
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Explain the advantages of cell compartmentalisation in eukaryotes. [7]
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