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

1801 Constitution, 1804 Declaration of Independence, lingering colonial-era inequalities, French indemnity debt

Norse Exploration

All questions for Norse Exploration inquiries.

FS1 Norse Exploration All

Population pressures, lack of arable land, shipbuilding advances, roles of Erik Thorvaldsson and Leif Eriksson

What factors prompted Norse innovation?

Medieval Warm Period, emergence of new sea routes, environmental conditions in Greenland and Vinland

How did climate conditions shape Norse innovation?

New settlements in Greenland and Vinland including L'Anse aux Meadows, food production, relations with the Skrælingjar

What Norse innovations took place?

Aztec Empire

Triple Alliance and founding of the empire, imperial reforms including the Flower Wars, role of Moctezuma I

What factors prompted Aztec innovation?

Environmental conditions in the Mexican basin, importance of water resources, drought and famine of One Rabbit

How did climate conditions shape Aztec innovation?

Urban planning in Tenochtitlán, food production using chinampas, expansion and annexation of Totonacapan

What Aztec innovations took place?

Haitian Revolution

French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, slave resistance, maroonage and Vodou, influence of the French Revolution

What prompted the emergence of the Haitian Revolution?

1791 War for Freedom, 1793 abolition of slavery, 1794–1804 independence struggle, L'Ouverture and Dessalines

How did Haiti achieve independence?

How did Haiti structure its new government and what challenges did it face?

Kenyan Independence

British colonial rule, resistance of the Kenya African Union (KAU), influence of the Second World War

What prompted the emergence of the Kenyan independence?

Mau Mau Uprising 1952–60, Lancaster House Conference, self-government and multi-party politics, Jomo Kenyatta

How did Kenya achieve independence?

1963 Independence Constitution, drift to one-party rule, education and cultural diversity policy, land reforms

How did Kenya structure its new government and what challenges did it face?

Meiji Restoration

Decline of the Tokugawa Shogunate, stagnation and demands for modernization, influence of the USA and Europe

What caused the transition in Meiji Japan?

Meiji oligarchy and Emperor Mutsuhito, land reform, industrialization and trade, the 1889 Constitution

How did Meiji Japan achieve its transition?

Peasant unrest, Satsuma Rebellion, foreign relations and the rise of Japanese imperialism

What challenges did Meiji Japan face after transition?

Russian Federation

Role of the Communist Party, stagnation and failed economic reform, challenges to communism in Eastern Europe

What caused the transition in the Russian Federation?

Roles of Gorbachev and Yeltsin, the 1993 Constitution, privatization, market liberalization and tax reforms

How did the Russian Federation achieve its transition?

1991 hardline coup, 1993 constitutional crisis, labour strikes and organized crime, First Chechen War 1994–96

What challenges did the Russian Federation face after transition?

Post-war Displacement in Europe

Combat operations and Allied victory, persecution and fear of reprisals, economic factors driving flight

What caused displacement in Europe after the Second World War?

DP camps, migration and repatriation, Allied governments and Red Cross, UN bodies including UNRRA and IRO

What were the national and international responses to displacement in Europe?

Refugees and stateless persons, camp survivors including Jews, Roma and POWs, former Axis-aligned forces

How did different groups in Europe experience displacement?

Indochina Refugee Crisis

Combat operations and Communist victory, persecution and fear of reprisals, economic factors driving flight

What caused displacement in Indochina after 1975?

DP camps, migration and repatriation, US and Vietnamese government roles, UNHCR and 1979 Orderly Departure Program

What were the national and international responses to displacement in Indochina?

Vietnamese including Hoa, Montagnard, Hmong and Chams; Cambodians fleeing the Khmer Rouge; Laotians & highlanders

How was displacement experienced by different groups in Indochina?

Feminism in the USA

Reactions to domesticity and women in the workforce, changing access to contraception, early feminist literature

What led to the emergence of the feminist movement in the USA?

Protest and activism, role of NOW, the National Women's Political Caucus and Women's Liberation, mass media

How did the feminist movement in the USA challenge authority?

Title IX 1972, Roe v. Wade 1973, equal pay and employment rights, marginalization of Black and working-class women

What changes did the feminist movement in the USA achieve and how were they limited?

Revolution in Tunisia

Repression and censorship under Ben Ali, failed economic reform and unemployment, spread of revolutionary ideas

What led to the emergence of the revolution in Tunisia?

The December Revolution, rise of Ennahda Party and Nidaa Tounes, role of social media in mobilization

How did the revolution in Tunisia challenge authority?

Ousting of Ben Ali, 2014 Constitution, social changes incl. youth radicalization and terrorism, role of women

What changes did the revolution in Tunisia achieve and how were they limited?

Historical Concepts

Concept-driven questions exploring cause and consequence in history.

Cause & Consequence

Concept-driven questions exploring change and continuity in history.

Change & Continuity

Concept-driven questions exploring historical significance.

Significance

Concept-driven questions exploring historical perspectives.

Perspectives

First World War

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, Balkan tensions, July Crisis and assassination at Sarajevo

What caused the First World War?

Trench stalemate, new technology, naval blockade, US entry, mobilization, Russian collapse, Hundred Days

What factors determined the outcome of the First World War?

Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, redrawn borders, reparations, mandates, economic and social dislocation

How was peace established after the First World War?

Mass casualties, civilian suffering, women in war work, propaganda, rationing, total war on home fronts

How did the First World War affect people's lives?

Second World War

Versailles legacy, rise of fascism, Hitler's expansionism, appeasement, Japanese imperialism, failure of the League

What caused the Second World War?

Total war scale, Allied vs Axis strategy, US and Soviet entry, mobilization, technology including the atomic bomb

What factors determined the outcome of the Second World War?

Holocaust and genocide, civilian bombing, women's mobilization, displacement, occupation and resistance movements

How did the Second World War affect people's lives?

Yalta and Potsdam settlements, UN founding, occupation of Germany and Japan, Nuremberg trials, Cold War origins

How was peace established after the Second World War?

Cuban War of Independence

Spanish colonial rule, economic grievances, nationalism, José Martí's vision, prior failed revolts, US interest

What caused the Cuban War of Independence?

Guerrilla warfare, Spanish reconcentration policy, leadership of Gómez and Maceo, 1898 US intervention

What factors determined the outcome of the Cuban War of Independence?

Reconcentration camps, plantation devastation, famine and disease, displacement, mobilization of Cubans

How did the Cuban War of Independence affect people's lives?

Treaty of Paris 1898, end of Spanish rule, US military occupation, Platt Amendment, contested independence

How was peace established after the Cuban War of Independence?

Chinese Civil War

KMT-CCP rivalry, social inequality, warlordism, impact of Japanese invasion, rural-urban divide, ideology

What caused the Chinese Civil War?

Mao's peasant strategy, KMT corruption, Soviet and US involvement, Long March legacy, post-1945 collapse

What factors determined the outcome of the Chinese Civil War?

Peasant mobilization, mass displacement, famine, atrocities, conscription, refugees and disrupted communities

How did the Chinese Civil War affect people's lives?

PRC proclaimed 1949, KMT retreat to Taiwan, no formal treaty, social revolution, divided China continues

How was peace established after the Chinese Civil War?

Rwandan Civil War

Colonial Hutu-Tutsi divisions, economic crisis, refugee politics, RPF invasion 1990, Habyarimana regime

What caused the Rwandan Civil War?

RPF discipline, government militias, Arusha breakdown, France's role, mass killing

What factors determined the outcome of the Rwandan Civil War?

1994 Tutsi genocide, mass violence, refugee crises, RTLM propaganda and targeting

How did the Rwandan Civil War affect people's lives?

Arusha Accords, RPF victory, ICTR tribunal, gacaca courts, reconciliation, refugee returns, lasting tensions

How was peace established after the Rwandan Civil War?

Spanish Civil War

Polarized Second Republic, Nationalist-Republican divide, military coup, regional and religious tensions

What caused the Spanish Civil War?

Foreign intervention (Germany, Italy vs USSR, Brigades), Franco's strategy, technology including Guernica

What factors determined the outcome of the Spanish Civil War?

Civilian atrocities, women in militias, exile and refugees, religious persecution, hunger and propaganda

How did the Spanish Civil War affect people's lives?

Franco's 1939 victory, no formal treaty, dictatorship, repression, exile, decades of social division

How was peace established after the Spanish Civil War?

Kosovo War

Yugoslav breakup, Albanian-Serbian tensions, Milošević's policies, KLA insurgency, end of autonomy

What caused the Kosovo War?

KLA insurgency, Serbian counterinsurgency, NATO 1999 bombing campaign, ethnic cleansing operations

What factors determined the outcome of the Kosovo War?

Ethnic cleansing of Albanians, mass refugee flows, civilian casualties, destruction of villages, trauma

How did the Kosovo War affect people's lives?

Kumanovo Agreement 1999, UNMIK administration, KFOR, 2008 independence declaration, recognition disputes

How was peace established after the Kosovo War?

Germany and Hitler

Weimar weaknesses, Depression, Nazi rise, 1933 chancellorship, Reichstag Fire, Enabling Act, Night of Long Knives

Why did authoritarian rule emerge in Germany?

Gestapo and SS terror, Goebbels' propaganda, Hitler Youth, Gleichschaltung, foreign policy successes

How was authoritarian rule maintained in Germany?

Autarky and rearmament, women's Kinder-Küche-Kirche role, persecution of Jews and minorities, Holocaust

How did authoritarian rule affect people's lives in Germany?

White Rose, July 1944 Plot, Confessing Church, communist resistance, exile, Allied defeat in 1945

How was authoritarian rule challenged in Germany?

China and Mao

Civil war victory 1949, weakness of KMT, peasant support, CCP organization, land reform consolidation

Why did authoritarian rule emerge in China?

Cult of personality, mass campaigns, purges, Hundred Flowers, anti-rightist drive, Cultural Revolution

How was authoritarian rule maintained in China?

Collectivization, Great Leap Forward famine, Cultural Revolution chaos, women's reforms, minority policies

How did authoritarian rule affect people's lives in China?

Hundred Flowers critics, Liu Shaoqi and Deng rivals, 1976 Tiananmen incident, peasant resistance

How was authoritarian rule challenged in China?

Cuba and Castro

Batista's regime, inequality, 26th of July Movement, guerrilla war, January 1959 revolutionary victory

Why did authoritarian rule emerge in Cuba?

Cult of personality, suppression of dissent, Soviet alliance, response to Bay of Pigs, CDR neighbourhood control

How was authoritarian rule maintained in Cuba?

Nationalization, healthcare and education reforms, restrictions on freedoms, exodus, Special Period hardship

How did authoritarian rule affect people's lives in Cuba?

Bay of Pigs, exile community, dissidents, US embargo, Mariel boatlift, post-Soviet economic crisis

How was authoritarian rule challenged in Cuba?

Anti-Apartheid Movement - South Africa

1948 apartheid laws, pass laws, ANC and PAC mobilization, Defiance Campaign, Sharpeville turning point

Why did the anti-Apartheid movement emerge in South Africa?

Mandela's leadership, MK armed struggle, township uprisings, international sanctions, de Klerk talks

How did the anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa create change?

Bannings, Sharpeville, Soweto Uprising, states of emergency, Bantustan policy, security crackdowns

How was the anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa challenged?

1994 elections, Mandela presidency, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, end of apartheid, ongoing inequality

What were the impacts of the anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa?

US Civil Rights Movement

Jim Crow segregation, Brown v Board 1954, Emmett Till, Montgomery boycott, MLK, SCLC and NAACP

Why did the Civil Rights Movement in the US emerge?

Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act 1964, Voting Rights Act 1965, MLK's role

How did the Civil Rights Movement in the US create change?

Jim Crow laws, KKK violence, segregationist politicians, FBI surveillance, white backlash, Birmingham

How was the Civil Rights Movement in the US challenged?

Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts, end of legal segregation, Black Power, MLK assassination, lasting gaps

What were the impacts of the Civil Rights Movement in the US?

Indian Independence

1857 Rebellion legacy, INC founding 1885, partition of Bengal, economic grievances, Gandhi's return

Why did the movement for Indian independence emerge?

Satyagraha, Salt March, Non-Cooperation, Quit India, Muslim League, Nehru and Jinnah leadership

How did the movement for Indian independence create change?

British repression, Amritsar massacre, communal violence, Muslim-Hindu divisions, internal disputes

How was the movement for Indian independence challenged?

1947 independence, Partition and refugees, creation of Pakistan, Constitution, princely state integration

IB History HL - 2028 - Questionbank
How did Haiti structure its new government and what challenges did it face?

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IB History HL - 2028 - QuestionbankHow did Haiti structure its new government and what challenges did it face?